{"id":4899,"date":"2026-10-21T01:28:30","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T09:28:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/?p=4899"},"modified":"2026-10-14T09:31:26","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T17:31:26","slug":"reprint-are-public-executions-true-to-american-values","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/2026\/10\/21\/reprint-are-public-executions-true-to-american-values\/","title":{"rendered":"[Reprint] Are public executions true to American values?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"theconversation-article-title\">In newly independent US, Americans debated whether public executions taught a lesson or just showed off the state\u2019s power to\u00a0destroy<\/h3>\n<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765958\/original\/file-20261013-50-bzz96t.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;rect=0%2C47%2C3669%2C2390&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"A crowd of people in an 18th century scene of a public hanging.\" width=\"476\" height=\"310\" \/><figcaption>A 1747 print of a public execution at the so-called Tyburn Tree, a gallows in London that served for hundreds of years as a site of hangings.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/399844\">William Hogarth<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/maurizio-valsania-1098422\">Maurizio Valsania<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/universita-di-torino-3231\">Universit\u00e0 di Torino<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The proposed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2026\/10\/08\/politics\/pete-hegseth-vows-to-make-first-firing-squad-execution-in-decades-public\">livestream of Nidal Hasan\u2019s execution<\/a> by a U.S. military firing squad gives an old question a new audience. Hasan, an Army psychiatrist convicted by a military court of killing 13 people at Fort Hood in Texas in 2009, is scheduled to be executed on Dec. 3, 2026.<\/p>\n<p>Explaining the plan to make his death public, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth said that \u201cpeople need to understand \u2026 <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2026\/10\/09\/politics\/fort-hood-execution-hegseth-livestream\">there\u2019s serious consequences for these types of things<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Whether the broadcast will proceed remains uncertain. But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gilderlehrman.org\/history-resources\/videos\/maurizio-valsania-first-among-men-george-washington-and-myth-american\">as a historian of the early American republic<\/a>, I recognize a familiar expectation behind it: that watching someone die will teach a useful lesson. Americans at the republic\u2019s founding debated that premise \u2014 and doubted what the lesson might be.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nOxz2S7-oMY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth said the execution of Nidal Hasan will be a public event when the sentence is carried out later this year.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h5>The power of government<\/h5>\n<p>On Aug. 17, 1797, New Yorkers gathered to watch John Young hang.<\/p>\n<p>An English musician and music publisher struggling with debt, <a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=coo.31924109046239&amp;seq=1\">Young had shot and killed Robert Barwick<\/a>, a deputy sheriff taking him into custody. Barwick left a widow and nine children.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/e\/evans\/N24300.0001.001\/?view=toc\">Young\u2019s conviction by a jury<\/a> brought him to a scaffold surrounded by soldiers, before an immense crowd.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nga.org\/governor\/john-jay\/\">Governor John Jay<\/a>, a leading Federalist who placed greater faith in firm government than in popular judgment, had authorized the military presence after the sheriff reported fears of a rescue. But Jay also wanted the execution to impress its witnesses with the power of the government carrying it out.<\/p>\n<p>Writing to <a href=\"https:\/\/history.nycourts.gov\/figure\/james-kent\/\">James Kent<\/a>, New York City\u2019s chief municipal legal officer, two days before the hanging, Jay stressed that the authority of law should prevail visibly. The occasion should be \u201cparticularly solemn and impressive,\u201d he said. The \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511844997\">authority of the law should be seen to bear down (on) all opposition<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Solemnity, however, proved difficult to arrange. The military escort played lively music as the procession made its way to the scaffold. One newspaper critic thought an uninformed passerby might mistake the spectacle for \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/infoweb-newsbank-com.tjportal.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/readex\/doc?p=EANX&amp;t=pubname%3A10D345D01D2428C8%21New-York%2BGazette\/year%3A1797%211797\/mody%3A0818%21August%2B18&amp;year=1797&amp;docref=image\/v2%3A10D345D01D2428C8%40EANX-1197270C5729F268%402377631-1197270C79D1FC98%401&amp;origin=image\/v2%3A10D345D01D2428C8%40EANX-1197270C5729F268%402377631-1197270C71D89AD8%400\">the celebration of some Festival<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Soldiers formed a square around the gallows. The crowd remained orderly. Young addressed a few words to the minister, sang a psalm \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/infoweb-newsbank-com.tjportal.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/readex\/doc?p=EANX&amp;t=pubname%3A109215B64EAFB460%21Greenleaf%2527s%2BNew%2BYork%2BJournal\/year%3A1797%211797\/mody%3A0819%210819&amp;sort=YMD_date%3AA&amp;fld-base-0=alltext&amp;val-base-0=young&amp;docref=image\/v2%3A109215B64EAFB460%40EANX-1095B8A2EA913398%402377632-1095B8A604F62058%402-1095B8A8360C3268%40Friday%252C%2BAugust.%2B18&amp;firsthit=yes\">and with great composure pulled his cap over his face<\/a>,\u201d reported one newspaper. Then, before the assembled witnesses, he was hanged.<\/p>\n<h5>Loss of government\u2019s dignity<\/h5>\n<p>Whatever the crowd\u2019s reaction that day, the public execution had already become <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/rites-of-execution-9780195066630?cc=ch&amp;lang=en&amp;\">an argument about the nature of government<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The display did not impress everyone as evidence of governmental strength. Writing in the \u201cGreenleaf\u2019s New York Journal\u201d two weeks after the hanging, \u201cA CITIZEN\u201d accused Jay of \u201cletting down the dignity of civil authority.\u201d Calling out troops for the execution suggested, among other things, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/infoweb-newsbank-com.tjportal.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/readex\/doc?p=EANX&amp;t=pubname%3A109215B64EAFB460%21Greenleaf%2527s%2BNew%2BYork%2BJournal\/year%3A1797%211797\/mody%3A0830%210830&amp;sort=YMD_date%3AA&amp;fld-base-0=alltext&amp;val-base-0=executive&amp;val-database-0=&amp;fld-database-0=database&amp;fld-nav-0=YMD_date&amp;val-nav-0=&amp;docref=image\/v2%3A109215B64EAFB460%40EANX-1095B8BF32F07B48%402377643-1095B8C1EB7B7070%403-1095B8C3EFC92B68%40For%2Bthe%2BArgus.%2BTo%2BJohn%2BJay%252C%2BGovernor%2Bof%2Bthe%2BState%2Bof%2BNew-York&amp;firsthit=yes\">a wantonness on the part of the Executive<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To this critic, the military presence advertised executive excess. The spectacle could undermine the very authority it was meant to affirm.<\/p>\n<p>That point mattered in a republic still deciding how its authority should differ from that of the European monarchies that Americans portrayed as corrupt.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1780s and 1790s, American reformers took particular aim at England\u2019s \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/msupress.org\/9781611865370\/executing-democracy\/\">sanguinary laws<\/a>\u201d \u2013 statutes prescribing death for offenses ranging from murder to relatively minor theft.<\/p>\n<p>By 1776, nearly 200 offenses carried a possible death sentence in England. These laws had accumulated piecemeal over generations, but American critics portrayed them as a single system with bloodshed at its center.<\/p>\n<p>England\u2019s punishments became a measure of what republican justice must overcome. Independence required Americans to reconsider how readily, and under what circumstances, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/books\/9780674010833\">their own governments could take a life<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The contrast was partly an exercise in national self-definition. Americans cast English severity as evidence of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/7313\/to-begin-the-world-anew-by-bernard-bailyn\/\">an old, corrupt political order<\/a> and imagined their own laws as rational, proportionate and suited to free citizens.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, the distinction was harder to sustain.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, the aspiration entered constitutional language. New Hampshire\u2019s 1784 Constitution declared a multitude of sanguinary laws \u201cboth impolitic and unjust.\u201d Punishment\u2019s proper object was \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/law.justia.com\/constitution\/new-hampshire\/billofrights.html\">to reform, not to exterminate mankind<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Reform did not necessarily mean abolition. In 1796, New York reduced the number of crimes punishable by death but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nycourts.gov\/courts\/ad4\/library\/pdfs\/deathpenalty.pdf\">retained capital punishment for murder<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Young went to the gallows the following year. Even if Jay favored milder criminal laws, he was able to see a carefully staged execution as a necessary assertion of public authority.<\/p>\n<h5>No guarantee of lesson learned<\/h5>\n<p>Other Americans pressed further.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Benjamin-Rush\">Benjamin Rush<\/a>, the Philadelphia physician and signer of the Declaration of Independence, opposed executing even murderers. His argument went to the heart of the relationship between government and the governed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCapital punishments are the natural offspring of monarchical governments,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/amendVIIIs16.html\">Rush wrote in 1792<\/a>. \u201cKings consider their subjects as their property.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For Rush, a republic that put citizens to death still acted like a monarchy, treating citizens\u2019 lives as its own to dispose of. Calling the killing a lawful punishment did not make it less an act of revenge.<\/p>\n<p>A related debate concerned the audience. Even Americans who accepted capital punishment could doubt the wisdom of making it public.<\/p>\n<p>In 1787, Rush had already questioned what spectators actually learned from watching others suffer. Sympathy for the condemned could turn them against the government: \u201cWe secretly condemn the law which inflicts the punishment \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2569014R-bk\">hence arises a want of respect for laws in general<\/a>,\u201d he wrote in a pamphlet titled \u201cAn Enquiry into the Effects of Public Punishments upon Criminals and upon Society.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Alternatively, repeated exposure to cruelty could harden spectators, encouraging the very violence that punishment was supposed to deter. \u201cHow often,\u201d Rush asked, \u201cdo we find pockets picked under a gallows, and <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2569014R-bk\">highway-robberies committed within sight of a gibbet<\/a>?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The crowd could pity the condemned, admire his composure or simply enjoy an outing. Gathering witnesses did not guarantee that they absorbed the intended lesson. The complaint about festive music at Young\u2019s execution exposed that uncertainty: Officials could stage the spectacle, but they could not control its meaning.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" aria-label=\"Zoomable image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=986&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=986&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=986&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1239&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1239&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/765948\/original\/file-20261013-50-5gkunv.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1239&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"A title page from an 18th-century publication, 'An Enquiry into the Effects of Public Punishments upon Criminals and upon Society.'\" width=\"399\" height=\"656\" \/><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">In this publication, Benjamin Rush asked whether \u2018we secretly condemn the law which inflicts the punishment.\u2019<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2569014R-bk\">NIH<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h5>What harm does this prevent?<\/h5>\n<p>Young\u2019s execution gives the proposed broadcast of Hasan\u2019s death a particular resonance. The crimes, jurisdictions and audiences differ, yet the ambition remains recognizable: to make one person\u2019s punishment teach everyone else a lesson \u2013 and demonstrate the government\u2019s strength.<\/p>\n<p>Cruelty concerns more than the pain inflicted. It also lies in <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/17438721241313176\">treating a person as fodder for exposure<\/a>, humiliation and public instruction. The condemned person\u2019s body becomes a public demonstration of whom the state protects \u2013 and whom it has the power to destroy.<\/p>\n<p>But spectators may come for the theater of death itself, drawn by fascination with what human beings can do to one another. What officials present as instruction can become the marketing of guilty pleasures.<\/p>\n<p>Cesare Beccaria, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Cesare-Beccaria\">an Italian criminologist and economist<\/a> whose 1764 essay \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/titles\/voltaire-an-essay-on-crimes-and-punishments\">On Crimes and Punishments<\/a>\u201d helped shape American reform debates, argued that punishment could not undo a crime, only prevent future harm. Suffering beyond that purpose was unnecessary cruelty.<\/p>\n<p>For Beccaria, an execution\u2019s fleeting spectacle deterred less effectively than lifelong penal servitude. Beccaria\u2019s alternative was harsh, but his principle constrained the state: The power to inflict suffering did not establish its necessity.<\/p>\n<p>At Young\u2019s scaffold, the state could end his life without controlling the meaning of his death. A broadcast would vastly enlarge the audience, but reach is no proof of usefulness, and curiosity supplies no justification.<\/p>\n<p>Beccaria\u2019s question thus remains: What future harm does this additional spectacle prevent? If it prevents none, what justifies it \u2013 and what does it reveal about the government that stages it?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/294211\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/maurizio-valsania-1098422\">Maurizio Valsania<\/a>, Professor of American History, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/universita-di-torino-3231\">Universit\u00e0 di Torino<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/in-newly-independent-us-americans-debated-whether-public-executions-taught-a-lesson-or-just-showed-off-the-states-power-to-destroy-294211\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In newly independent US, Americans debated whether public executions taught a lesson or just showed off the state\u2019s power to\u00a0destroy A 1747 print of a public execution at the so-called Tyburn Tree, a gallows in London that served for hundreds of years as a site of hangings. William Hogarth Maurizio Valsania, Universit\u00e0 di Torino The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[1251,941,940],"class_list":["post-4899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rants","tag-american-history","tag-capital-punishment","tag-death-penalty"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4899"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4899\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4900,"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4899\/revisions\/4900"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treehousewriters.com\/wp53\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}